1. Literal and Technical Meaning
Wilayat:
Means guardianship, leadership, and authority.
Faqih:
A religious scholar who is an expert in Islamic law (Fiqh), derived from the Qur’an, Sunnah, and reason.
Expertise
He became a top scholar (Mujtahid) in Islamic law (Fiqh), principles, philosophy, spirituality (Irfan), and ethics.
Concept:
During the occultation of Imam Mahdi (A.J), the political, social, and religious leadership of society should be entrusted to a just and capable Islamic jurist who has deep knowledge of Sharia.
2. Foundation of the Theory (Philosophy)
According to Ruhollah Khomeini, Islam is not limited to acts of worship; it is a complete system of life. Since Islamic laws—such as justice, taxation, and defense—are meant to be implemented at all times, a governing system is necessary to enforce them. If governance falls into the hands of an unjust or ignorant ruler, Islamic laws will be neglected or violated. Therefore, the ruler should be someone who is the most knowledgeable in Islam (Faqih) and the most pious (Adil).
3. Conditions of the Wali al-Faqih (Qualifications)
A Wali al-Faqih must possess three essential qualities:
Scholarly Expertise (Fiqahat):
Complete mastery of Islamic law, reaching the level of Ijtihad.
Justice (Adalat):
A high level of piety and avoidance of sin.
Insight (Basirat):
Awareness of global political conditions, understanding of adversaries, and the ability to make courageous decisions.
4. Structure of the System
How does this system function in Iran today?
Supreme Leader:
The head of the system who defines overall policies and direction.
Assembly of Experts:
A body of qualified scholars responsible for selecting the Supreme Leader and supervising his performance.
Public Participation (Democracy):
Under the guidance of the Wali al-Faqih, the president, parliament, and other institutions are elected by the people. This reflects a combination of religion and democracy.
5. Key Objectives
Implementation of Islamic values in society
Support for the oppressed and opposition to arrogant or unjust powers
Promoting unity and solidarity within the Muslim Ummah
